This is done with the help of two special type of instruments- transit theodolite and stadia rod. <>/Group <> LECTURE NOTE ADVANCED SURVEYING Prepared By Pratap Kumar Pradhan Assistant Professor Department of Civil engineering ... Survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles, cross sections, and diagrams. x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ stream x��Yێ����|�������1�$����`����+�Z������9U͛4\�~��lvU��S=Yi[H�o��9����P. <> 44 0 obj Evidently, OC2/A2B2= OC1/A1B1= OC/AB= constant K= 0.5cot (β/2). On the other hand, other conventional surveying methods like chain surveying or traverse surveying need the surveyor to take a linear measurement on the field by a tape or a chain. <> endstream <> endobj The staff intercept which means the difference of the readings corresponding to the top and bottom stadia wires will, therefore, depend on the distance of the stadia/level staff from the tacheometer. <> 13 0 obj endstream endstream x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ Keep the staff on the previously determined station and observe the corresponding staff intercepts (upper and lower stadia reading) with horizontal sight. <> 11 0 obj <> 29 0 obj <> <> 45 0 obj <> endobj stream �ʁt�1H��@aL*9�K?$��B�%_!�+�� �� stream These are relatively slower processes and also tiresome. H .TANDON for the civil engineering students. The information provided should not be used as a substitute for professional services. 4 0 obj <> x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ endobj 24 0 obj endstream endobj stream 37 0 obj 31 0 obj The horizontal distance between the axis and the staff is given by the following equation. stream �ʁt�1H��@aL*9�K?$���B�%_!�+�� �� �ʁt�1H��@aL*9�K?$���D�%_!�+�� 9� endobj <> x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ When the staff intercept is more than the length of the staff, the only half intercept is read. This constant depends entirely on the angle β. <> 9 0 obj endobj We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. 25 0 obj x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ <> <> <> endstream stream let two rays be equally inclined to the central ray. x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ endstream To get regular update and new article notification please subscribe us. �ʁt�1H��@aL*9�K?$��\�%_!�+�� �� endstream �ʁt�1H��@aL*9�K?$���\�%_!�+�� �� endobj �ʁt�1H��@aL*9�K?$���H�%_!�+�� �� endobj Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ endstream THEODOLITE SURVEYING THEODOLITE The Theodolite is a most accurate surveying instrument mainly used for : • Measuring horizontal and vertical angles. <> x�3R��2�35W(�2�300P@&�ҹ endobj 26 0 obj 17 0 obj endobj <> endstream endobj <> endobj �ʁt�1H��@aL*9�K?$���P�%_!�+�� �� This is the most common method is tacheometry and the same ‘stadia method’ generally bears reference to this method. endobj Measure a line (about 100m long) on the fairly level ground and drive pegs at some interval, say 50 meters. TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING Tacheometry or tachemetry or telemetry is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal and Vertical distances of points are obtained by optical means as opposed to the ordinary slower process of measurements … endobj endobj Surveying Lecture 1. 36 0 obj <> 21 0 obj of land, estates, building, farms mines etc. 5 0 obj In most cases, we do not really know the value of f (focal length of the objective) so we have to determine the constant k and C on the field with a different approach as below: Please note that the information in Civiltoday.com is designed to provide general information on the topics presented. 34 0 obj stream endobj stream �ʁt�1H��@aL*9�K?$��H�%_!�+�� C� the interval between stadia hairs is given by i=ab, staff intercept is s,f is the focal length of the objective, D is the horizontal distance of the staff from the vertical axis of the instruments.