The AREDS studies were designed to learn more about the natural history and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract and to evaluate the effect of vitamins on the progression of these eye diseases. Click on the button below to Age-related macular degeneration can be caused by both genetic factors and non-genetic (or environmental) risk factors. Exposure to cigarette smoke more than doubles the risk of macular degeneration. individual probability of progressing to advanced disease. Risk score models may also enhance patient approaches for AMD. These risk estimates apply to groups of patients with specified characteristics. Dry AMD- impairment of vision is gradual and takes over months to years. Macular Degeneration is one of the leading causes of blindness, with a higher risk in people over the age of 50 who smoke cigarettes and who have a family history of Macular degeneration. Age is the most significant risk factor for macular degeneration. The Calculator may not be used for individuals with advanced AMD in both eyes. The important risk factors/variables included in the final assessment tool included very large drusen (small white or yellowish deposits on the retina associated with AMD), a history of smoking, family history, advanced AMD in one eye, and advanced age . Smoking: The only environmental exposure clearly associated with macular degeneration is tobacco smoking. Risk calculators and risk factors for Macular degeneration risk factors. The risk calculator could Smoking, being overweight overall and around the abdomen, and having unchecked cardiovascular disease or … You can learn about your risk of age-related macular degeneration and diabetic eye disease whether you're on a phone or computer, sitting on the bus or waiting in a queue." 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