In pipeline transportation, productivity has increased due to the use of larger pipes and faster speeds. Governments have traditionally played an important role in transportation. Railway productivity has also increased in recent years through the use of more efficient railway cars, some of which were specially designed to carry a particular product (such as grain or coal). Settlement in much of Canada followed the construction of railway lines. Aviation technology is also changing on the ground. Learning About Humanity on Public Transportation by Chris Gethard Notable moments spent on a subway usually do nothing more than expose human awfulness at its most pronounced… There and Back Again by Nick Paumgarten People who feel they have smooth, manageable commutes evangelize. One or more companies may be given the exclusive right to pick up passengers at airports, railway stations or other areas where passengers originate. A number of these operators are subsidiaries of airlines. Both of Canada's major railways have trucking divisions. Completed in the 1870s, it was built for national defence and unity, in fulfilment of the terms of Confederation, and was never expected to make a profit. Some have made possible the development of entirely new industries. Better communications and electronic signals systems make it possible to operate far more trains over a track than was possible with more primitive manual signals. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. Such buses have been used in European cities for some time. Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. Both Montréal and Toronto are served by commuter railway systems. This has been made possible by technological improvements in valves, compressors and friction-reducing agents. Other increases in productivity have come from the use of longer trains, robot locomotives and better train scheduling. Large shippers often have several transport alternatives available to them (e.g., rail, water, truck). CNBC.com covers transportation industry news, including airlines, auto, roads and railways, and updates on freight, trucking, and logistics. Many cities provide parallel transit services for people with disabilities. Transportation is labour intensive; about half of every revenue dollar received by a transportation company is used for employee salaries, wages and benefits. As transport costs increase and better communications systems are developed, transportation and communications will compete increasingly in certain areas (see Computer Communications; Communications Technology; Telecommunications). For the engineering infrastructure on which transportation systems depend, see roads and highways; bridge; canals and inland waterways; harbours and sea works; lighthouse; tunnels and underground excavations. The train engineer can effectively handle five or six diesel locomotives and control a train more than a kilometre long, even in mountainous areas. Transportation subsidies may be divided into two general categories: direct subsidies and indirect subsidies. It was not until the federal government agreed to build a railway to the Pacific Ocean that British Columbia agreed to join, an agreement that led eventually to construction of the western sections of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In the North, trucks transport logs, petroleum, consumer goods and a great variety of industrial products. Purdy, Transport Competition and Public Policy in Canada (1975); Karl M. Ruppenthal, Canada's Ports and Waterborne Trade (1983). For the place of transportation in law, see air law; carriage of goods; maritime law. Much of this early railway construction resulted from a speculative boom in which some promoters sought to make quick profits. For forms of transportation for military applications, see military technology. Sometimes a government has permitted the use of government-constructed facilities at less than the cost of providing these facilities, thus providing an indirect subsidy to the users of the facilities. Photoelectric cells and other devices "read" baggage labels, and robots direct baggage and freight to specific bins and carts so that they can be quickly loaded onto aircrafts. The largest ferry system in Canada is operated by the BC Ferries, providing service between the Vancouver area and the cities of Victoria, Nanaimo, many of the Gulf Islands and some remote northern communities. The website for the Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Most urban transportation systems are subsidized. In some cities the cost of urban transit has been reduced by the introduction of articulated buses (two passenger units pulled by a single engine). Governments have traditionally played an important role in transportation. Because of competition between modes and companies, there is a continuing need for research to improve transport technology. Much of the early railway construction was financed by British capitalists, Canadian merchants and landowners, and by municipalities. Substantial operating subsidies have been given to VIA Rail Canada and to other carriers. Some construction was financed by bonds. For example, much of Canada's iron ore moves via the Great Lakes-St Lawrence Seaway system to steel mills in the US. Many of Canada's rail lines had financial problems. Black Friday Sale! In some cities a licence is required to operate a taxi, and a limited number of licences are issued. Most of Canada's roads and highways have been built by provincial governments, the major exceptions being highways in national parks and Aboriginal reserves, the Alaska Highway and the Trans-Canada Highway (see Roads and Highways). The dispatcher is able to plan train movements carefully and to shunt approaching trains onto railway sidings so that other trains may pass. Pipelines are also used for the transportation of bitumen from Alberta oil sands projects. Trucks can be carried on ferries or ships. "Piggyback" transportation is an example. Tour packages that include hotels, meals, guides and other items are frequently arranged by a tour operator (sometimes called a wholesaler) and marketed by travel agents. Motor carrier productivity has also increased because of the development of more fuel-efficient engines and because of experimentation with the use of lower grade fuel. Canada's "land bridge" is also based on intermodal operations.

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